Category Archives: Water

Rainy Season at the Farm

It feels like the seasons are starting to change. This, the rainy time of year, is when the plastic covers on our growing houses are advantageous. Our crops grow, without interruption, all the way through February. During the shorter days, the ground stays damp because there are less hours of sunlight to dry up the soil.

Finally, in this past week, the stream is starting to increase in volume. We’d been starting to worry about the spring water flow. Coming back from Kona on the Saddle road recently, we noticed the pastures are starting to turn green. It feels like the dry period is over for some parts of the island.

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Here are some more pictures from the farm. This is the first kalo crop grown at Hamakua Springs and it looks really healthy. Tom Menezes is the farmer, and he really knows what he is doing. Among other things, he is a taro breeder.

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This is the first ‘ulu tree growing at Hamakua Springs. It wants to grow tall and we will have to constantly prune to keep its fruit within reach. We would rather plant a variety that is shorter in stature.

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We transplanted this ‘ulu at the farm a few weeks ago. Instead of fertilizer, we used the spent coconut media that we use for our hydroponic tomato crops. The tomato plant is a volunteer that germinated from the coconut media. There is one flower cluster, and the plant is very healthy even though we did not give it any conventional fertilizer.

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We found this kalo growing in the river and we are growing it on the hydroponic solution we use for green onions. To my great surprise, it has thrown out runners. I wonder what Jerry Konanui will say?

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It Takes A Community

It’s been a busy few days.

Last Wednesday evening, Don Thomas, a geologist from UH Hilo, accompanied me to a meeting of the Keaukaha Community Association where he described two drilling projects. The first was a 3,000 ft. or so pilot hole sunk by the Hilo breakwater. It was a test to see if the concept of drilling to acquire a profile of the land was feasible. The second was a much deeper hole on the National Guard side of the Hilo airport. This was a part of a National Science Foundation-funded study. It was meant to gather information on the formation of the Big Island by studying the layers of lava as the hole was drilled deeper and deeper.

The background as I understand it: In eartlier days, only the Kohala Mountain range, Hualalai and Mauna Kea protruded above the ocean. Then Mauna Loa erupted and the Hilo side of Mauna Kea was covered by Mauna Loa’s lava.

Core samples showed that there was Mauna Loa lava atop soil from Mauna Kea, much like the kind of material you see on the Hilo/Hamakua coast. Then, as the drill went deeper, they found fresh water at 160 lbs. of pressure in the Mauna Kea lava, way below the surface of the ocean. This is what’s called an artesian well, and is when you get water shooting out under pressure from the surface of the land. That means that this water is under pressure from water that is pushing against it.

As I understand it, drill deep enough and water will just shoot out of the ground. I’ll ask Don what all this means and report back here.

I saw Luana Kawelu at the Keaukaha Community Association meeting Wednesday night. Kumu Lehua calls her one of the “Gang of Three” (with Patrick Kahawaiola‘a) — the folks who together help to make Keaukaha Elementary School the excellent school that it is. She is also the driving force behind the Merrie Monarch Festival. She has never let marketing and dreams of bigger and better things cloud her judgment. She just focuses on the pono thing. I cannot imagine how the Merrie Monarch Festival could be done better. “Pono” is way good enough.

Thursday, I flew to Maui to visit supermarkets as part of my marketing involvement with the new organic farm at Kapalua called WeFarm@Kapalua. This organic farm is on former Maui Pineapple Company lands and consists of approximately 158 acres. David Cole, the former CEO of Maui Land and Pine, started the organic farm awhile ago. When MLP got out of pineapple, the Ulupono Initiative submitted a bid to take over the former organic farm. From the Ulupono Initiative website:

Ulupono Sustainable Agriculture Development LLC, a subsidiary of the Ulupono Initiative, announced today that it would be assuming operations of Kapalua Farms, an organic farming and agriculture research facility located near the entry of the Kapalua Resort in West Maui.  Maui Land & Pineapple Company, Inc., owners of the 158-acre agricultural parcel, successfully reached an agreement with Ulupono earlier this month, with the transition of the property already underway.
 
“We are pleased to partner with Ulupono Sustainable Agriculture Development as they assume operations of Kapalua Farms,” said Warren H. Haruki, chairman and interim CEO of Maui Land & Pineapple Company, Inc.  “Our desire was to find an operational partner that would be able to continue organic farming operations and to maintain Kapalua Farms as a community resource, employer, and provider.  Ulupono is an exemplary organization committed to preserving our agricultural land, and we look forward to working together.”

I am especially pleased to be working with the Ulupono Initiative and WeFarm@Kapalua because I watched Jeff Alvord put this initiative together over the last several years. Jeff would call when he was in town and we would talk about the larger picture of a sustainable Hawai‘i. I knew from early on that the Omidyar Group had the best interest of Hawai‘i at heart. I’m very happy to be closely involved with this new organic farming initiative.

Later, when I made my way to the Maui airport, I ran into Stevie Whalen, the President of the Hawai‘i Ag Research Center, which is the modern-day iteration of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters Association’s research arm.

Founded in 1895, the Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association (HSPA), dedicated to improving the sugar industry in
Hawaii
, has become an internationally recognized research center. Its name change in 1996 to Hawaii Agriculture Research Center (HARC) reflects its expanding scope to encompass research in forestrycoffee, forage, vegetable crops, tropical fruits, and many other diversified crops in addition to sugarcane. HARC is a private, non-profit 501c5 organization.

HARC specializes in horticultural crop research including agronomy and plant nutrition, plant physiology, breeding, genetic engineering and tissue culture, and control of diseases and pests through integrated pest management. HARC also performs pesticide registration work; training in areas such as pesticide application and environmental compliance; ground water monitoring; and technical
literature searches.

Stevie was on Maui to help provide research info about new biocrop possibilities that could possibly be the base feedstock that would provide the U.S. Navy the kind of second and third generation fuel that it could use to fly its jet planes and run its ships. Liquid transportation fuel is very important for us living in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. It will take a huge research effort to develop high-yielding bio feedstock. It will not just happen miraculously, out of the blue. I have the utmost confidence in Stevie and her HARC crew, as well as Andy Hashimoto and the CTAHR crew.

Stevie told me that it’s becoming evident that biofuel production will need to use the added value of co-products to make it an economically viable form of energy. There is no doubt that we want to develop a biofuel that will eventually be cost-competitive with fossil fuels. I am very aware that much more work needs to be done.

Then, on the plane back to Hilo, I ended up sitting next to Arnold Hara, extension entomologist for UH Manoa. He was on Maui as part of a project to intensively inspect imported produce coming from the mainland and foreign countries. He was very concerned about the amount of invasive species insects that are being found on imported organic produce. He called imported organic produce “dirty.” He meant that there are lots of hitchhikers on organic produce. It is very worrisome.

I’ll call him tomorrow and ask what varieties of organic produce we should grow to replace imported organic produce. I’m very happy to be associated with WeFarm@Kapalua, where we can help to protect Hawai‘i from invasive species.

Kahua Ahupua‘a

The last few days, I’ve been focusing on Kahua Ahupua‘a. Of the three ahupua‘a that comprise Hamakua Springs Country Farms, I find this one the most interesting.

Within 600 feet there are two streams: Makea on the north boundary, and Ali‘a on the south. Between the streams is a ridgeline, maybe 75 to 100 feet from stream level, and running on the ridgeline from mauka to makai is a cane haul road.

It has a clear view of both Mauna Kea and the ocean, as well as of the greenhouses in the valley facing north, toward Honoka’a, and the banana fields facing south, toward Hilo. June and I plan to eventually build a house there. We just submitted a plan to the County in order to subdivide.

Yesterday I spent several hours on the bulldozer, reopening old roads and clearing access to the streams. Today I spent time knocking down many, many 20-foot albizia trees, and making sure the roots were completely pulled out of the ground. There’s one giant albizia tree that is even larger than the ones in this picture. The base is at least 10 feet around and the tree is easily 100 feet tall with many giant side branches. That’s where the seeds for the others are coming from.

I wonder how I’ll get rid of it. Cutting it down is just unimaginable. Here is how they cut a tree down at Lyons Arboretum.

Here is an easier way, with a drill and injecting.

The whole time on the bulldozer, I was thinking about how I can situate some hydroponic hoop houses that would allow us to capture fertilizer runoff, grow algae and raise tilapia. I would get the water further upstream, at a higher elevation, and then run it to the hydroponic hoop houses and use the excess fertilizer to grow algae and then, further downstream, send it to the tilapia. Gravity and free water are our friends.

I am going to grow algae for fuel. Not for cars, but to grow tilapia. Food fuel. The hydroelectric project is close by.

I’m also thinking of making a place to just sit and listen to the stream. I wonder where I can get hapu‘u? Where would kukui nut trees go? Lauhala? Ulu? Hmmm.

This is going to be a big, long project. I’ll write about it as I go along.

Hydroelectric – Here We Go!

This week we select the contractor for our hydroelectric project. It should be finished 120 days after construction starts—so, by the end of February.

Our consultant is Mike Maloney, who has done two similar projects for the Department of Water Supply in Kona. He is also working on projects in Ka‘u.

Ours will be a net metering project. This means that the meter will spin forward if we use electricity from HELCO and backwards when we supply electricity to HELCO. This will determine whether we will pay HELCO, or HELCO will pay us.

After using electricity for our own operation, we should have extra that we will supply to HELCO. The PUC is working right now on a schedule of payments for different renewable energy projects. This schedule is called “Feed in Tariff.” This is where the utility will pay for the extra electricity “fed in” by type of electricity supplied—solar, hydro, wind, etc.

The Energy Return on Investment for hydro projects is estimated to be 100 to 1. We should seriously consider bringing more hydroelectric on line on the Hamakua Coast.

This project is financed by the Department of Agriculture farm loan program. When I got back from the Peak Oil conference in Houston in 2007, I initiated a legislative bill that set up a special farm loan program in the Department of Agriculture just for renewable energy projects.

We will participate in a demonstration project that will generate nitrogen from hydrolysis using our hydro power. We will use the nitrogen in two ways –for fertilizer, and for running internal combustion engine farm equipment.

I also plan to get an electric car that I can plug in at the farm. We plan to let our workers plug in electric cars at the farm, as well. Exciting things going on!

Spring Fever (Where Is It?!)

RLast week I took some photos of water coming from a spring  we have not yet uncovered on the farm. The land area where the spring is located encompasses maybe five acres. We can see water coming out of the makai end of the block, running under the road through a culvert that the sugar plantation built.

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If I drive about 50 yards mauka on the left side of the block, I can hear the spring running about 10 feet from the road. About 30 feet further up the road, the sound disappears. I think the spring water moves away from the road toward the middle of the block, which is about 50 yards wide.

About 200 yards further up the road, there are banana fields completely surrounding our mauka border. There are maybe five acres of wild sugar cane growing where the terrain is too tough for growing bananas.

At that top boundary, Kimo showed me a spot where we can again hear the spring running. That was yesterday, and today I went back with a cane knife to see if I could find the spring source.

I cut my way through the thick sugar cane as the sound of running water got louder and louder. The sugar cane was maybe two feet thick, and matted. I cut my way down into the ravine and had both feet on the ground, straddling the ravine and facing makai.

There was no water behind me – but in front of me, water was coming out of the right side of the ravine. It was running along the top of a solid rock formation, and out the side of the hill.

In the next few days, I’m going to clear away the sugar cane there and explore around the spring intake – see what I can find. This is very exciting.

It’s Called “Hamakua Springs”

Lately we’ve been thinking about cleaning out the sugarcane to see what that mysterious spring under the vegetation looks like. Is there a series of ponds under there? Could someone grow kalo there? What was it in the old days?

There’s water underneath this tangle of cane, running through a culvert under the road. It’s coming from a spring a short distance away.

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A road runs in front of those trees In the foreground. That road bends around and joins up to the road that I am driving on.  There is no evidence of running water anywhere; just at that one place. That is why we know there is a spring in the tall cane.

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The electricity from our hydro project will run right in front of the spring. Could we grow fish, or prawns, or something else?

Could we work with a non-profit that might want to do subsistence farming methods?

Where do we even start looking?

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Curiosity is getting the better of us.

Clearing the Flume

My friend John Cross and I worked on the flume at the farm today, clearing some roots from a rose apple tree that had grown into the flume channel. The root mass looked like a huge hapu‘u tree lying in the channel, and it diverted quite a lot of water out of the flume. This is the flume running after the root had been removed.

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Here’s how much water was spillling over before we removed the roots. In that first photo, John was walking on the exact spot where all the water spilled out. They are “before and after” pictures.

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Full flow downstream

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This is where we will pick up the water in a pipe. It is about 200 feet downstream from the head works, where the flume originates.

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The original concrete flume turns into a natural channel before reaching a concrete works downflume. The bottom is made up of ‘ili‘ili, small river rock.

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We needed to find out what was causing the obstruction in the flume, which is why I called my friend John Cross. No one knows more about flumes that John. He managed the Hilo Coast plantations for C. Brewer and knew every flume on the Hilo Coast. He was in charge of making sure they were all in good repair.

We thought clearing our flume was going to be a big job. John went up there and took a look, and the following day he brought some 2 x 12s and a large sheet of plastic. The first thing he did was to cut one of the 2 x 12s the width of the flume. Then he cut the bottom of the board to fit the contour of the flume channel bottom. He cut a second board the width of the channel and then a third one.

He then set a 2 x 4 on the sides vertically, to hold the boards in place when the flow of the river would press the boards up against the 2 x 4s. He cut a piece of plastic that was a little larger than the boards. The water pressing against the plastic would make a nice seal.

When he put all those pieces in place, they stopped the flume flow and the water spilled off into a side channel. Now I know why it was slightly lower than the regular flume. I would have not known that it was a spillway, had John not actually used it.

John told me that when he put everything in place, the flume dried up. And in a short bit, an army of prawns started marching upstream toward him. That, and the river ‘opae started making their way upstream in the little rivulet, around and over the ‘ili‘ili on the bottom of the flume.

While he was watching the prawns make their way upstream, he heard a flap of wings above his head and saw an ‘io dive down, grab a prawn and fly on down the channel. It flew around a bend, went through a tunnel of overhanging trees and disappeared. John said it was a surreal moment.

Last week I spent several hours cutting the rose apple roots out, and today John and I took the rest out. It is surprising how much water flows through that flume.

Hawai‘i to Become a “Better Place”

Do you know about Better Place coming to Hawai‘i?

Better Place is working to build an electric car network, using technology available today. Our goals? Sustainable transportation, global energy independence and freedom from oil.

Shai Agassi is founder and CEO of Better Place, and in the following video he talks about his mission. His company has a plan to take entire countries oil-free by 2020.

From ted.com: Agassi stunned the software industry in 2007 by  resigning from SAP to focus on his vision for breaking the world’s fossil-fuel habit, a cause he had championed since his fuse was lit at a Young Global Leaders conference in 2005. Through his enthusiastic persistence, Agassi’s startup Better Place has signed up some impressive partners — including Nissan-Renault and the countries
of Israel and Denmark.

Electric vehicles for our transportation needs are starting to come into focus. Better Place has announced that it is partnering with Hawai‘i to make mass adoption of electric vehicles powered by renewable energy a reality in the state by 2012.

From Better Place:

The state’s partnership with Better Place will play a significant role in the economic growth of Hawaii and will serve as a model for the rest of the U.S. for how green technology infrastructure can fuel job creation. The implementation of electric infrastructure will reignite the Hawaii economy with local jobs, while creating a model for renewable energy growth. It will also expose the millions of annual visitors to Hawaii to the real possibilities of life with clean energy and renewable fuel.

A bill currently going through the Hawai‘i State Legislature will require that large parking facilities have charging stations for electric vehicles.

People are even developing heavy transportation electric vehicles.

Why is Hamakua Springs Country Farms interested in electric cars?

It’s because we are building a hydroelectric plant, where we will generate electricity from water that runs through a flume on our property. We will sell the excess electricity back to the public utility.

We wonder how farmers everywhere in Hawai‘i can participate in renewable energy production.

Oil is a finite resource and world population is increasing at the rate of 70 million annually. We all know that oil prices will rise to unbearable heights in the future.

We also know that our food security depends on Hawai‘i’s farmers farming, and making enough money that they stay in farming. How can we position our farmers so they make money on renewable energy they generate on their farm, in addition to the money they make farming? Because we know that if the farmers make money, the farmers will farm.

Renewable energy production is capital-intensive, not labor-intensive. There is no weeding, spraying, plowing or harvesting. Once a renewable energy project is installed, the farmer can go back to farming.

In conjunction with this need for food security, I suggested to the Farm Bureau that we initiate a bill that would authorize preferential rates of return for bonafide farmers who produce renewable energy. HB 591 HD1 SD2 is likely to be passed by the Legislature this session.

If the farmers make money, the farmers will farm. And then we will have food security.

The Waters of Kane: Sustainability and the Dept. of Water Supply

Did you know that the County of Hawai‘i’s Department of Water Supply (DWS) uses more electricity than anyone else on the island? It’s expensive to move water around to where it’s needed. The Department’s electricity bill for last year alone was $20 million.

So it’s especially fitting that the DWS participated at the recent E Malama ‘Aina sustainability festival.

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It was Board Chairman Tommy Goya of the county’s Board of Water Supply (the department’s policy-making entity) who wanted to be sure they were at the festival, according to DWS Public Information and Education Officer Kanani Aton.

(Richard says Tommy Goya’s “behind the scenes” advice, while Richard was helping to coordinate the festival, was invaluable, too.

“I would call Tommy and ask: ‘What you think, Tommy?’ I had never been involved in that kind of event before,” says Richard. “And he would say, ‘Meet me at Starbucks.’ He would give alternative
scenarios, how things were done before and what might be appropriate now. This helped a lot.”)

“Tommy wanted to do it big,” says Kanani. “He really wanted to make an impact at this sustainability festival because of the message the festival was sending. And because the need for water is a part of sustainability, and to help attitudes toward water deepen and become more appreciative.”

Indeed, the DWS made a splash with their huge booth, where their displays were powered by the solar power guys also exhibiting at the festival.

The DWS folks even brought their own water buffalo. “That’s our big, potable water tank,” says Kanani (though don’t you wish it had been a real water buffalo?) “We brought our water and served it right there at the festival.”

Another highlight – one of their workers had taken a donated fish tank, and working with the building maintenance crew he created a model “water cycle and water system.”

“They created a cover for the tank, and pumped water up from below the rocks, up into the sky so to speak,” Kanani explains. “By putting dry ice in the top to look like clouds, it was raining over the land, the rocks. Then, after he created the simple model of a water cycle, he overlaid an example of a water system, how you have this pump that pulls water up from the aquifer and eventually to the house.”

She says that kids loved seeing that. “They love the dry ice making the clouds,” she says. “They understand that when they turn on the faucet, they’re actually calling water to come down the hill. Whenever you turn on a faucet to wash Daddy’s car, you’re actually telling a pump far away to eventually turn on.”

It’s a way to teach children not to take water for granted, or think it is limitless. Other kids’ activities included a ball toss, a fishing pole game. They gave away coloring books, balloon art, pens and stickers.

The DWS displayed its energy management activities, engineering capital improvement projects, water use and development plan.

“We also showed how we’re changing out all the mechanical water meters to be automatic meters that send out electronic signals,” says Kanani.

The DWS has recently adopted as its new motto Ka Wai A Kane, which, she explains, is a Hawaiian chant from the days of antiquity.

“It’s a chant about the waters, the fresh water, of the Hawaiian god Kane,” she says. “All the different manifestations of fresh water, whether it be the cloud banks that gather on the sea, the high ridges, the valleys, the flowing streams, even the water below the Earth.”

“Those ancient words,” she says, “speak about what our water engineers and hydrologists and operations engineers do today – look at the water and how to harness it effectively.”

“Water is our most precious resource,” she says, “and the Department of Water Supply really has its eye on the ball when it comes to water. We need to reach out to each and every person who uses water and create a strong relationship of stewardship.”

The Kohala Ditch Flows Again!

My friend Duane Kanuha forwarded me this email from Bill Shontell, the project manager for Surety Corp. It’s about the Kohala Ditch water flowing. This is a huge project that’s been a tremendous amount of work and a long time coming.

I wrote about the project a couple months ago when I took a helicopter tour of the area.

Here’s the note from Bill:

FYI, we released the waters of Honokane Nui through new Flume #1 this afternoon about 2:30. The intake is working fine and the flume is currently conveying water across Honokane West Branch, through the ridge of Kupehau, and into Pololu Valley.

On Monday the 24th, we will throttle down the valve at the intake, remove two temporary access ramps in Pololu and Niulii and on Tuesday the 25th, at 3 pm, we will release water into the balance of the system.

Just in time for Thanksgiving.

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Here I am in September, getting ready to go see the origin of the Kohala ditch at Honokane Nui.

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The crew that works in the valley. That’s Rick Gordon in the middle and Bill Shontell on the right. Our helicopter pilot is at left.

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This entire cliff face fell in with the 2006 earthquake that destroyed the ditch. 

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View of the repair work going on at the dam at Honokane Nui. That day, a loose stone fell off the cliff and glanced off one of the workers. 

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Lifting up and out of the valley. We were way down there at the stream level. What a trip.

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The mouth of Pololu Valley.

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[Leslie’s note: I went looking for something I could link to, something that would tell the story of what happened to the historic and important Kohala Ditch during the October 2006, 6.7 earthquake, and I found, um, this magazine article. Which I wrote, and Macario photographed, and which I had sort of forgotten about. Which tells you something about the state of my mind.]